Objective and Subjective Means of Grace

The Word and sacraments are the objective means whereby God reveals Christ to His covenant people, but to cast the question in terms of Christ’s mediation or redemption draws a broader circle. The Word and sacraments are objective, though they require subjective appropriation; likewise, prayer is subjective, though it has an objective element in that prayers are offered to Christ, who objectively and truly exists. This is a difference in emphasis, as Word and sacrament are primarily objective, and prayer is primarily subjective.

 

John Fesko, Word, Water, and Spirit (Grand Rapids, MI: Reformation Heritage Books, 2021), 0.