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What emerges in this period is differing approaches among the Reformed on the extent of Christ’s atoning work. Pareus, for example, consistently argued for and employed the Lombardian formula in answer to the question of for whom Christ died. Beza, as we have already seen, did not find the formula useful and rejected its wording, while Tossanus consistently emphasized the efficacy of Christ’s death, maintaining that Christ died efficaciously only for the elect.

Arminius pointed to Beza’s own objection to the Lombardian formula as evidence for Perkins’s inconsistency in both affirming the Lombardian formula while denying that Christ paid the price for the sins of all human beings. In other words, Arminius found Beza’s objection to the Lombardian formula more consistent than Perkins’s affirmation of it.